Transcription factors (TFs) are regulatory proteins in the complex networks that underpin cellular function. They bind to specific DNA sequences, typically in the regulatory regions of the genome. They activate or repress the transcription of genes, thereby controlling the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. The human genome encodes for approximately 1800 TFs, each with unique binding sites and mechanisms of action. TFs are often categorized based on their DNA binding domains and the sequences they recognize. Their activity is regulated by various mechanisms, including post-translational modifications, interaction with other proteins, and environmental signals. TFs are central to many biological processes, such as development, cell cycle, and response to stimuli. Dysregulation of TF activity can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer, making them significant targets in biomedical research.
